Teenage pregnancy in Croydon – literature review and research outline

Research studies fix suggested that teen pregnancy is a major global issue and it needs to be addressed accu markly due to the health, hearty and economic risks associated with this issue (Baker, 2007 Roth et al., 2009 Kamberg, 2012). Decline in the enumerate of jejuned pregnancies have been reported as a result of the strategies underinterpreted by governing bodies across Europe to reduce the tot up of unplanned young conceptions. However, England still has the highest rate of juvenile pregnancies which are mostly unplanned (Teenage motherliness Associates, 2011). Teenage pregnancies are a major cause of poor health conditions in teen mothers and their babies, it have an adverse economic extend to and f subaltern a crucial role in increasing child pauperisation (WHO, 2012).According to a recent press release, London Borough of Croydon recorded 50% reduction in the teenage conceptions however, the borough is still amongst the regions with highest teenage pregnancy rat e (Croydon, 2012). In show to further reduce the rate of teenage pregnancies in Borough of Croydon it is crucial to identify the factors causation the increase in teenage conceptions. Therefore, the beat of this inquiry study is to in effect recognize the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies in the London Borough of Croydon and the chosen organisation is Croydon Health function NHS Trust. The search objectives are* To identify the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies through literature.* To identify the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies in the London Borough of Croydon.* To identify the strategies that could be espouse by the governing bodies in London Borough of Croydon to address the issues of increasing teenage pregnancies.1. LITERATURE REVIEW1. soulfulness FactorsResearch studies have suggested that individual factors play an important role in teenage conceptions (Imamura et al., 2007). Children of teenage lone mothers are more vulnera ble to depart teenage parents (Botting et al. 1998). Members of some certain ethnic groups such as Caribbean and Asian are more likely to become teenage parents in comparability to white teenagers (Botting et al., 1998 Berthoud, 2001). Underperforming children at school who show little or no interest in learning and eventually drops out at primal ages are besides at a risk of becoming teenage parents (Kiernan, 1995).Research evidences have suggested that increased number of teenage pregnancies have also been observed in young children sustentation in care or those who leave care (Imamura et al., 2007). According to Haldre et al. (2009) alcohol abuse in the family and take down levels of sexual knowledge also lead to higher number of teenage pregnancies.1. Socio- Economic FactorsAccording to Baker (2007), socio-economic disadvantages are one of the major causes of teenage pregnancies. Teenagers who are detached or detach themselves from the society as a result of discrimination or miss of support from the society are highly vulnerable to early pregnancies. Social disadvantages as identified by Englands Social Exclusion Unit intromits unemployment, poor quality of health, living in deprived areas, having lower levels of skills, poor housing facilities, family fall outs and low income (SEU, 2001). Gruber (2009) argued that individuals become socially disadvantaged when they are denied their basic rights and the opportunities to become an active voice part of the society which leas to involvements in crimes and other illegal activities. Research studies have suggested that children of socially disadvantaged young parents live in poverty (Baker, 2007).However, not many evidences are present in the literature about the portion of poverty to teenage pregnancies and this area needs more exploration. According to a research study by Arai (2009), poverty is common in households where the orchestrate of the household is a teenager. MacPhail and Campbell (2001) i dentified that poverty pose an influential restore on the decisions of teenagers to buy contraceptives leading to unintended teenage pregnancies which further leads to lack of finance and support. Trapani (1999) found out that in most cases of teenage pregnancies boyfriends of teenage pregnant girls hesitate from taking the responsibility of the child due to its impact on their educational and employment opportunities. This rejection from partners can cause depression in teenage mothers and their children could significantly suffer in many ways as a result of this depression.It is clear from the preliminary literature review that individual, social and economic factors play an important role in increased number of teenage conceptions. Recent reports published by NHS suggest that government has taken a number of steps to reduce teenage pregnancies however, despite of these measures the victory rate is low. This leads to the formulation of the research question for this study which is to understand wherefore is teenage pregnancy increasing and what more factors are contributing to this difficulty in addition to the ones identified by previous research studies1. modeology1. Research Philosophy and ApproachPositivist research philosophy has been adopted for this research study. Positivist research philosophy depart allow crowd quality data, having high validity in a natural stage setting (Belk, 2008). Research approach can be inductive or deductive depending upon the type of the research study and for this qualitative research study inductive research approach has been adopted. The advantages of inductive research approach include its flexibility and its supportive framework that effectively allows the formulation of new models (Monsen and Horn, 2007).1. Research strategyAn exploratory case study research strategy has been undertaken for the accomplishment of the tendency of this research study because of its effectiveness in exploring the problem und erstudy and because of its increase in unveiling new issues (Walsh and Wigens, 2003). This research strategy is extremely age consuming and provides no control over the information provided by the participants however, correspond to Kumar (2008) the researcher can effectively overcome these problems through his/her competent research skills.1. Data Collection and AnalysisPrimary as well as secondary data exit be collected for this research study. thirdhand data will be collected from the reports published by NHS, books, journals and tidings articles. Both the qualitative and quantitative sources of information will be explored. The advantages of include meter effectiveness, cost effectiveness and the ease of access to the information. Invalid or incomplete pieces of information and possible confusion due to the availability of big amount of information are few limitations of this data collection method (Kumar, 2011).Primary data will be collected by conducting semi- incorpo rated interviews because of its efficacy in establishing an informal two way conversation amongst the researcher and the participant (Carter and Thomas, 1997). Data will be analysed in a step wise manner (Maykut and Morehouse, 1994). Firstly all the responses will be carefully examined followed by the unitization and categorisation of different pieces of information. Finally the responses will be interpreted.1. Target Population and AccessThe target population for this research study are the pregnant teenagers attending antenatal clinics in Croydon and the ideal size would be 15. Initially contact over the phone was completed with a supervisor of midwives to arrange a meeting in order to explain the benefits of this research study. It was decided in the meeting that the invitation for participating in the research study will be given to the pregnant teenagers by the midwives attending antenatal clinics in local medical practices.Pregnant teenagers impulsive to participate will b e given a date and time for the interviews after consulting the researcher and all the interviews will take place in a room within the medical practices so that an assuring purlieu could be provided to the participants.1. Ethical ConsiderationsParticipation will be voluntary, anonymity will be maintained, information about the study will be provided to the participants and create verbally consents will be taken prior to the interviews. Information collected will only be used by the researcher.1. Validity, Reliability and GeneralisabilityTo maintain the reliableness and validity of the data all the measures will be taken to revoke the chances of errors during face-to-face interviews and when analysing the data. Generalisability is the potential limitation of the research study as the results might not completely reflect the condition in other Boroughs of England.1. culminationIn conclusion, despite of the limitation this research study will effectively contribute towards the inf ormation present in the literature about the factors causing the increase in the number of teenage conceptions.