The Role of Scholars in the Era of Digital Texts Essay -- Education Me

In her introduction to Electronic Text Investigations in Method and Theory, Kathryn Sutherland asks if in that location is a real danger that the apprentice-worker, toiling for years in the remote regions of the library stacks in the hope of becoming expert in maven small field, will be transformed by the computer into the technician, the nerdy navigator able to locate, transfer, and appropriate at an ever faster rate expert entries from a larger set of information that he/she no longer needs or desires to understand (Sutherland 10). Her inquiry is based on an issue that still plagues some scholars with quick access to so much digitized information, how do we evaluate what we still need and desire to understand? Of course, her question implies that evaluating printed information is an evaluation based on less access and therefore a smaller set of information, and evaluating printed information is not an uncomplicated issue it is one which scholars reconsider constantly. One such convocationliterary scholar-workersmay spend years toiling over similar versions of a printed text in order to produce a singe deterrent example edition. In the case of Christopher Marlowes The Tragedie of doctor up Faustus, for example, there is no extant manuscript, nine versions were printed between 1604 and 1631, and the first appe atomic number 18d almost nine years after Marlowes death. Those that appeared in 1604, 1609, and 1611 are similar and are collectively known as the A-text. The 1616, 1619, 1620, 1624, 1628, and 1631 versions are also similar and known as the B-text. Which one should a reader or scholar consult?Remarkably different, the A- and B- texts have inspired an extensive amount of critical commentary and scholarly editors since W.W. Greg appear to agree on one ... ... 2. Binda, Hillary. An Overview of this Electronic Doctor Faustus. Accessed October 2004.. 3. Greg, W.W., ed. Marlowes Doctor Faustus 1604-1616 Parallel Texts. Oxford Clarendon advertise, 1950. 4. Lavagnino, John. Completeness and adequacy in text encoding. The Literary Text in the Digital Age. Finneran, Richard J. (Ed.), Ann Arbor The University of Michigan Press, 1996. 5. Schreibman, Susan. Computer-mediated Texts and Textuality Theory and Practice. In Siemens (Ed.). A New Computer-Assisted Literary Criticism? Special edition of Computers and the Humanities, 36283-293, (2002). 6. --The Versioning Machine. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 181 (2003). 7. Sutherland, Kathryn (Ed.). Introduction. Electronic Text Investigations in Method and Theory. Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997.

Literature and Experience :: Free Essays Online

Literature and Experience When I wrote my first work, The Naked Tree, I was an ordinary housewife. I had been a choleric literature lover, but I had never practiced writing or studied literature. The Naked Tree began as non-fiction. One day I aphorism a posthumous show of artist Pak Su-gun, and I found myself swept by an incomprehensible confusion. He suffered from pauperism all his life history, but after his death, he became the artist whose works commanded the highest prices in the ROK. During the Korean war, he eked out a brisk by painting catchpenny(prenominal) portraits in the PX of US Forces, and I worked there trying to talk US soldiers into having their portraits made. In order to maintain a hand-to-mouth existence, both he and I led a life of the bottom, in which the least level of self-esteem could not be maintained. After the war, he was never free of exiguity he struggled to make a living and died at the young age of 51. When I saw that he was evaluated as t he best artist in Korea and treated as such, I was swept by complicated emotions, a mixture of fury, sadness, and joy. Such feelings gradually developed into a passion that I cute to strike witness to how he had lived. I wanted to write a good biography, which would help understand everything about him, and I wanted to shock art dealers, who were innovation on making profits by trading his works at high prices without knowing anything about how he had lived. That was how I began to write a biography, hoping to book for an annual open competition for nonfiction works held by Sindong-a, a monthly magazine. The deadline approached, but my writing did not progress. There were spurts of good writing, though, and in those moments I was elated. However, next day I would charter the parts that had gone particularly well, and discover that they were the lies I had made up, not real episodes. I was not hypothetic to make up stories in the construct of writing a biography. I had n o choice but to throw them away, and I would be back to the slow- progressing stage. In writing his biography, there was another difficulty, past from the battle with lies. I wanted to talk about my own stories.Literature and Experience Free Essays OnlineLiterature and Experience When I wrote my first work, The Naked Tree, I was an ordinary housewife. I had been a passionate literature lover, but I had never practiced writing or studied literature. The Naked Tree began as non-fiction. One day I saw a posthumous show of artist Pak Su-gun, and I found myself swept by an incomprehensible confusion. He suffered from poverty all his life, but after his death, he became the artist whose works commanded the highest prices in the ROK. During the Korean war, he eked out a living by painting cheap portraits in the PX of US Forces, and I worked there trying to talk US soldiers into having their portraits made. In order to maintain a hand-to-mouth existence, both he and I led a l ife of the bottom, in which the least level of self-esteem could not be maintained. After the war, he was never free of poverty he struggled to make a living and died at the young age of 51. When I saw that he was evaluated as the best artist in Korea and treated as such, I was swept by complicated emotions, a mixture of fury, sadness, and joy. Such feelings gradually developed into a passion that I wanted to bear witness to how he had lived. I wanted to write a good biography, which would help understand everything about him, and I wanted to shock art dealers, who were intent on making profits by trading his works at high prices without knowing anything about how he had lived. That was how I began to write a biography, hoping to apply for an annual open competition for nonfiction works held by Sindong-a, a monthly magazine. The deadline approached, but my writing did not progress. There were spurts of good writing, though, and in those moments I was elated. However, next day I would read the parts that had gone particularly well, and discover that they were the lies I had made up, not real episodes. I was not supposed to make up stories in the name of writing a biography. I had no choice but to throw them away, and I would be back to the slow- progressing stage. In writing his biography, there was another difficulty, aside from the battle with lies. I wanted to talk about my own stories.

Innovation :: essays research papers

ABSTRACTInnovation is not always successful everywhere unless it meets the requirements of the objectives of learning and teaching at a particular pop. Each environs is different from the other. It is not always successful to apply a good innovation from one place to another. In the requirements of all kinds of tests in Viet Nam nowadays which atomic number 18 so much focused on grammar, the needs and interests of learners in learning grammar are very high. Also, there are so many different kinds of learners culmination to language centers in Viet Nam to subscribe to English for their own purposes. Many of them could take their time to study English intensifierly while many others take it extensively. They however come to the English classes two or three evenings a week. However, their needs of learning grammar to pass the tests of National Certificates are great. Also, most of learners from high school and collateral schools need grammar background to do well their schoolwor k. Therefore, the researcher would like to make an innovation of Grammar Textbooks to meet the requirements of learners needs and interests at the 4th Division of Nong get by University message for Foreign Studies in Bien Hoa city. The researcher applied the problem-solving model to do this action research.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this study was to see if the grammar innovation worked well with students at Nong Lam University Center for Foreign Studies, at the division 4, at Bien Hoa city, and to see if the traditional methods in teaching grammar were still effective in such a place with particular students in this area in Viet Nam.All the grammar courses were designed for the intensive students at Nong Lam University Center for Foreign Studies. Most students here are university students. They study English for their graduation and for their job interviews. These students take 20 periods each week for their English studies. They spend 12 weeks each course with 240 periods on learning intensive English. Most of the materials are designed for communicative approach. These students have to take 2 courses in decree to complete their elementary level of English in order to have enough background to learn TOEFL. During each course, they have 36 periods to work with grammar. In other words, they have totally 72 periods to finish their staple fiber English Grammar (two courses). The Center has been using the grammar book Fundamentals of English Grammar of Betty Schrampfer Azar.

Alcohol and Alcoholism Essay -- Drinking Binge Alcoholic Effects Essay

alcoholic drink and AlcoholismAlcohol is a drug, plainly irrelevant the other drugs, marijuana,cocaine, heroine, and probably all the others for somereason this is kindly accepted and is legal. Alcohol is bad for you and does have long term affects associated with it.Such as the long addiction to it, military issues on the body, andthe social interaction effect. Alcohol, and alcoholic beverageism iscommon in America, nevertheless drinking is much common aroundkids. cordial drinking a term kids and drinkers have comeaccustom to, social drinking is defined by one standarddrink per hour, and no more than 3 per day, merely somepeople just socialize around people that drink as heavily asthey do and confuse that for social drinking. Addiction toalcohol can be acquired easily if not careful, binge drinkingand family history are all keys in the identification ofaddiction. Family history could be linked to intoxication byfinding out if your family had problems in the past withalc ohol, and it is determined by studies that genes haveeffects on alcohol. Alcohol is a drug, but legal unlike theother drugs on the street, in my opinion drugs are allharmful to the body, and can have serious problems to youin the long run. Alcohol can effect the body in multipleways. The tranquilizing effects of being drunk, acts like astimulate, but is a depressant, and causes the brain to lower ego control, and impairs vision, other senses and effectsbodily coordination. This tranquilizing e... Alcohol and Alcoholism Essay -- Drinking Binge Alcoholic Effects EssayAlcohol and AlcoholismAlcohol is a drug, but unlike the other drugs, marijuana,cocaine, heroine, and probably all the others for somereason this is socially accepted and is legal. Alcohol is bad for you and does have long term affects associated with it.Such as the long addiction to it, effects on the body, andthe social interaction effects. Alcohol, and alcoholism iscommon in America, but drinking is more common aroundkids. Social drinking a term kids and drinkers have comeaccustom to, social drinking is defined by one standarddrink per hour, and no more than 3 per day, but somepeople just socialize around people that drink as heavily asthey do and confuse that for social drinking. Addiction toalcohol can be acquired easily if not careful, binge drinkingand family history are all keys in the identification ofaddiction. Family history could be linked to alcoholism byfinding out if your family had problems in the past withalcohol, and it is determined by studies that genes haveeffects on alcohol. Alcohol is a drug, but legal unlike theother drugs on the street, in my opinion drugs are allharmful to the body, and can have serious problems to youin the long run. Alcohol can effect the body in multipleways. The tranquilizing effects of being drunk, acts like astimulate, but is a depressant, and causes the brain to lowerself control, and impairs vision, other senses and effectsbodily coor dination. This tranquilizing e...

Terrorism and Game theory :: essays research papers fc

Terrorism is a rare, broad concept that affects individuals, schools, corporations, and governments alike. Generally terrorists end up wanting to discombobulate change with governments, and governments are usually the only groups powerful enough to try to deal with governments. But what should be the best strategy to deal with terrorists? Since September 11, 2001 support theory has been used to analyze how governments and how terrorists should act to achieve their best outcome. This paper allow for analyze the games that these competing forces can use to determine the best course of action.The up-to-date war on terrorism is tending to have three different sides the United States, the European Union, and the terrorists. Before the September 11th attacks all policies towards terrorism were thermolabile rather than proactive. So before we get involved with terrorists at all, there is a game in which based on what policy the EU is expiry to enact, the how should the US act towards terrorism. A proactive policy hold still fors that the government is going to attack POSSIBLE terror threats, whereas a reactive policy would mean that there would be no strikes against terrorism unless the terrorists decide to strike first.Now lets take a look at a toughie. Lets say, for analysis sake, that a proactive strategy costs a government 6, but casts a arrive at of 4 for both governments. For example, if only the US has a proactive strategy, then its net would be -2, but the EU would get all 4 of benefit. If both governments are proactive, then the cost is still 6 for each, but the benefit is doubled to 8 because they benefit from each others policies. Using this structure, we can construct this normal form of the gamefrom Acre & Sandler Vol. 34In this model it is clear that the Nash Equilibrium is where neither government has a proactive policy towards terrorists. Because neither government is willing to bear the entire cost, neither government will be proactive altho ugh the largest benefit can be derived from both being proactive. This is why this is a type of prisoners dilemma game.Real look is hardly ever as fair as this model would suggest. The United States is the target of 40% of all terrorism in the world. (Oster) The US is also more than often successful in thwarting terrorism than Europe. Thus, a more realistic model might be one in which the United States gets a benefit of 8 for its proactive strategy.

Terrorism and Game theory :: essays research papers fc

Terrorism is a rare, broad concept that affects individuals, schools, corporations, and governments alike. Generally terrorists end up wanting to make change with governments, and governments are unremarkably the only groups powerful enough to try to deal with governments. But what should be the best strategy to deal with terrorists? Since September 11, 2001 game theory has been used to try how governments and how terrorists should act to achieve their best outcome. This paper will analyze the games that these competing forces can use to determine the best course of action.The current war on act of terrorism is tending to have three different sides the United States, the European Union, and the terrorists. Before the September 11th attacks all policies towards terrorism were reactive rather than proactive. So in the beginning we get involved with terrorists at all, there is a game in which based on what policy the EU is going to enact, the how should the US act towards terrorism. A proactive policy means that the government is going to attack POSSIBLE terror threats, whereas a reactive policy would mean that there would be no strikes against terrorism unless the terrorists decide to strike first.Now lets take a look at a model. Lets say, for analysis sake, that a proactive strategy costs a government 6, entirely casts a pull ahead of 4 for both governments. For example, if only the US has a proactive strategy, then its net would be -2, but the EU would get all 4 of wellbeing. If both governments are proactive, then the cost is still 6 for each, but the benefit is doubled to 8 because they benefit from each others policies. Using this structure, we can construct this normal form of the gamefrom Acre & Sandler Vol. 34In this model it is clear that the Nash Equilibrium is where neither government has a proactive policy towards terrorists. Because neither government is willing to bear the entire cost, neither government will be proactive although the largest benefit can be derived from both being proactive. This is why this is a type of prisoners dilemma game.Real life is hardly ever as fair as this model would suggest. The United States is the target of 40% of all terrorism in the world. (Oster) The US is also more often successful in thwarting terrorism than Europe. Thus, a more realistic model might be one in which the United States gets a benefit of 8 for its proactive strategy.

The Secret to Happiness-Counseling Psychology

Money and Happiness The Problems of Understanding its Dynamic Relationship The want of silver is the root of all evil. Samuel Butler- Our society holds a taboo when it comes to explicitly speaking of the desire for money. However, at the same time our behaviors implicitly show us the extent of this desire. Many hoi polloi spend frequently time analyzing the monetary fund market for their next bid, millions of people buy draught tickets looking for their big break, and more people fight with their siblings oer their dead parents fortune.And the reason we so urgently pursue the accumulation of wealth is because we believe in its positive influence. We believe it will change our lives into a better one. We think it will make us happier. (Campbell, 1981) However, this is an issue still in question and an important one especially for counseling psychology. In this field, the relationship between money and life satisfaction is immanent due to its relevance to go counseling. Consid ering that a jobs financial reward and hence its socioeconomic status is influential in career orientation for some people, the light of such relationship becomes crucial.And in accord to the importance of this issue, there has been abundant interrogation relating to it. However, the results calculate to be mixed and confusing. The purpose of this paper is to point emerge the shortcomings of previous works on this issue and additionally, to provide a new scope into which will be a guide for further search on this issue. Problems in samples and variables Previous studies have attempted to see if money increases happiness by looking into the lives of those who have a lot of money.But some of these studies seem to have missed out on a vital factor, sample sizing. In a study of some of the wealthiest people in the United States, Diener et al. (1985) institute the happiness levels of these people to be only slightly above average than that of people with regular incomes. However, t he sample size for this study was only 49. Also, Brickman et al. (1978) found that lottery winners were non happier than governs even after their sudden fortune. But his research contained only 22 lottery winners as participants.In both cases the sample size was much too small to make a general rule out of their research. There could have been plenty of other happier wealthy people who are on the Forbes 500 list or won the lottery but did non participate in the study. So it seems obvious that in future studies, the sample size should be enlarged as much as possible. This would be easier nowadays due to the increased number of millionaires and billionaires in general and quicker access to them by means of e-mail. Sometimes researchers seem to have failed to fully analyze the variables they used in their research.In a to a greater extent recent study, researchers found that income increase over the info track of 10 years had only a small positive impact on happiness (North et al . , 2008). This time the size of the sample was relatively large by 274, but certain variables within this sample diminished the implication of this study. Apart from the sample being from a concentrated area (San Francisco Bay area) and being broadly speaking consisted of Caucasians (89%), the researchers have not fully analyzed the spending patterns of the samples income. They simply assay to correlate the total income with other variables such as happiness.But considering the possible fluctuations of consumption during the course of 10 years, for example, due to emergencies or childrens college tuitions, the net worth of the increased income could have been no different during those 10 years. According to other research, having a strong sense of control over ones financial pass on can be linked to greater overall satisfaction and that strong sense of control is possible if there is sufficient net worth of income (Cummins, 2000). So without knowing whether the participants had sufficient net worth it would be somewhat mis communicateing say that more income does not contribute to more happiness.Mixed Results The researches shown above are only a few of many that touch upon this issue of money and happiness. And due to many variables that complicate the relationship of the two, there have been plenty of mixed results. It has been shown that happiness is strongly correlated with increasing income at poverty levels (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002) whereas once income exceeds that level and prefatorial needs are met, money matters only a little (Myers, 2000). On the other hand, there has been research that money generates opportunities for individuals to make better decisions that allow them to re intercept their social welfare (Schwartz, 2004).But then again, more money seems to open possibilities for negative events in life such as divorce (Clydesdale, 1997). What all these findings and many others lead us to conclude is the old adage Money isnt everything . Considering Other Variables But knowing just that would not be fruitful. So in reply to this unsurprising insight there have been many attempts to clarify the variables in which allow the correlation between money and well-being to be more clear.In one study, Johnson and Krueger (2006) collected a nationwide sample of 719 twin pairs in the United States. The researchers have demonstrated, through methods of self-report surveys, that an individuals actual available money explained only about 10% of peoples perceptions of financial well-being, proving the old adage. Along with this finding they showed that perceived financial situation and perceived control over various life domains mediate the relationship between wealth and life satisfaction.In other words, those who believed that they have more control over their financial state and/or those who perceived their financial state in a positive light were happier with regard to how much money they had. This research is meaningful i n that it tried to connect relative psychological factors that take crucial part in this issue of money and happiness. However this research is qualified in terms of concord the question Will earning more money make us happy? The main defect it has is that, because their study was not based on longitudinal data it does not show whether more money now than before effects happiness. It focused more on the effect of money on peoples well-being at a fixed time. Research Questions Considering that psychological factors can have a significant contribution to life satisfaction concerning money, an attractive research question would be whether increased income and the ability to perceive change, or retrospect, ones socioeconomic status have an impact on life satisfaction. single can assume that if an individual can clearly perceive how much better oneself is doing than before then that person might feel happier than someone who does not see that upward change. But one major factor these st udies mentioned above miss out on is personal desire and values. So it would be withal interesting to find out if people with different values or desires have different affects by increasing incomes. More specifically, finding out whether people who peg certain emotional rewards to the cquisition of material goods, and hence are extrinsically motivated, are more likely to become happier as their income increases would be a relevant research question. It would be recommendable for both research questions to be done by longitudinal studies. Conclusion This paper has looked into researches concerning money and happiness. This theme was found to be important not only because it concerns our modern life perception about happiness but also because this perception is a crucial element in making career plans for ones life.Current research has shown problems with sampling and choosing the right variables. Some studies proved to be fruitful in that it factored in relevant psychological conce pts that would mediate satisfaction regarding money. Also, it turns out that longitudinal studies are much more informative in knowing the effects of income change on well-being. The research question provided by this paper is relevant to current issues of this topic and to career counseling because it would clarify elements such as ability of retrospection and motivation types to be predictors of subjective well-being with regard to ones income.

Theories of Leadership and Motivation

IntroductionLeadership is the char effecter which every administration wants to follow through in their staff and the individual who is self motivated and who poop actuate the squad members become a broad(a) managing director. Leadership is nil but enlivening the squad leader is the 1 who does it, inspiration is nil but motive. So leading and motive is a chemical science which can take each hard under winning to success. The leading and motive chemical science is largely reformatory in trouble sector whether it is in concern or in the squad every person posse s leading but the 1 who patterns on the spell go a perfect leader.The chief scene a leader consists is a vision for the certain intent. When a undertaking or undertaking is taken over by a keep comp whatever the company searches for a leader who posses cognition on the undertaking and vision how to develop the undertaking, make usage of co- blend iners and give the administration a net income on it. A leader tends to act upon the undertaking to be continued and alter to be taken topographic point to do the administration profitable.There be some(prenominal) theories on leading by great leaders some of them say that leading is an action non place or individual . These theories help to fix a perfect leader, all these theories atomic number 18 proposed and practiced by great leaders and directors but recentst direction considers a leader who follows his function.Leadership theoriesSing leading reveals schoolhouse of idea giving dissimilar leading theories such as Great Man possibleness, trait opening, behaviorist possible action, situational leading theory, eventuality theory, transactional theory and transformational theory.Great openhanded potent theory is the 1 proposed before 20th century where it says that leaders are born with the endowment and leader should be a great(p) male this lead to the following theory trait theory.Trait theoryThe trait theory rose from the constructs o f the Great Man approach. This theory leads to place the of import features of a no-hit leader. The people who got the characters as defined by the traits attack are isolated or shortlisted and those are recruited as leaders. This type of attack was largely implemented in military and still used in some of the coun emphasise.Harmonizing to the trait theory the individual who got the undermentioned accomplishments is said to be a trait.Ambitious and success orientedAdaptable to all sorts of suppose of affairssCo operative to all the members in the organisationHighly active or energeticDominativeGood determination devising abilitySelf-assuredAdaptable to emphasize conditions andReliable.These are the characters which make a individual trait and they should posses some accomplishments which areSkillsIntelligentSkilled conceptuallyCreativeFluent in speech productionTactfulSelf motivated and self beliefSkilled sociallyWhen these sorts of accomplishments and characters are identified in the individual, the individual is recruited in the squad.Behavioral theoryThe trait survey does nt give any conclusive consequences and it was embarrassing to mensurate some more critical issues such as honestness, unity and trueness. This leaded the attending to be diverted on to the behavior theories. The behavior theory focuses on human relationship and success public presentation every bit good.Harmonizing to behavioral theory the director believes that the working environment should be comparable an amusement topographic point where the outgo of mental and physical attempts is treated to be drama and remainder. The thought of director is an mean individual non merely learns to intromit but besides seek duty. The people will automatically larn to exert self-denial and self way to accomplish the end or mark. The organisational jobs can go inventive and originative.Contingency theory theoretical accountThis theory illustrates that there are many ways for the director to take t he squad to obtain best result. Harmonizing to the state of affairs the director can happen a best manner to acquire the best result.Fiedler worked on eventuality theory harmonizing to that he looked for leash state of affairss which define the status of a managerial undertaking.Leader and squad member relationshipWork structure or undertaking constructionPosition and powerThe director should keep relation with their squad members to acquire along and make assurance and do them experience free to believe about the undertaking and give their thoughts to assist the undertaking to be finished. Undertaking construction is the occupation extremely structured or unstructured or in between. The power shows how much authorization a director does posses.This theory rates the director whether the trough is relationship oriented or undertaking oriented. The undertaking oriented directors gets success in such state of affairss where there is good leader and squad member relationship and str uctured undertakings or undertakings does nt count whether the place power is weak or strong. And acquire success when the undertaking is unstructured and does hold any winning of good vision by holding a strong power and place. The variables which affect the undertaking such as environmental variables are feature in a heavy some and differentiated as gold and unfavorable state of affairss. The undertaking oriented direction manner depends on the favorable and unfavorable environment variables but the relationship direction manner stays in the center by pull offing or altering the variables to give up with their manner.Both manners of directions got their sides to be good when all the public presentation and squad work good in the undertakings. There is no good or bad direction in these two directions. Task motivated direction manner leaders do best when the squad performs good and they are good in accomplishing good gross revenues record and public presentation better than thei r rival where as the relationship oriented leaders are helpful to derive positive client service and construct a positive image to the administration.Transactional and transformational leadingTransformational leading is a relationship of common simulation and superlative that converts the followings in to leaders and may change over leaders into moral agents Transformational leading is pass oning with the leaders and the squad members to take them to higher degree something kindred a leader can go a moral agent and the follower can go a leader.Transactional leading technique builds the individual to release the certain undertaking such as occupation done for the cut down being.Some of the differences between transactional and transformational leading areTransactional manner of leading builds a adult male to finish a certain undertaking where as transformational manners builds a member to go a leader.This focuses on undertaking completion and tactical manner of direction where a s transformational leading focal point on schemes and missions.These are some theories of the leading which shows how a leader act on different state of affairss and how different leaders behave to acquire success in the organisation.Motivation in ManagementTheories of motiveThe theories of motive can be divided into 3 wide classs.Reinforcement theories stress the agencies through which the procedure of commanding an person s behaviour by pull stringsing its effects takes topographic point. . commodious theories focal point chiefly on single demands the physiological or psychological lacks that we feel a irresistible impulse to cut down or extinguish.Procedure theories focal point on the idea or cognitive procedures that take topographic point within the heads of people and that control their behaviour.Early Theories of Motivationpower structure of Needs TheoryTheory X and Theory YMotivation-Hygiene TheoryContemporary Theories of MotivationERG TheoryMcClelland s Theory of NeedsC ognitive Evaluation TheoryUndertaking Features TheoriesGoal-Setting TheoryEquity TheoryHierarchy of Needs TheoryAbraham Maslow hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five demandsPhysiological.Safety.Social.Esteem.Self-actualization.Maslow so categorized these 5 demands into lower-order demands and higher-order needs.Lower-order demands are needs that are satisfied externally physiological and safety needs.Higher-order demands are needs that are satisfied internally ( within the individual ) societal, esteem, and self-actualization demands.Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGrogorMcGregor concluded that a director s vision of the nature of human existences is found on a certain blend of premises and that he or she tends to model his or her actions toward subsidiaries harmonizing to these premisesEmployees of course dislike work and, whenever possible, will try to avoid itSince employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened wi th penalty to accomplish endsEmployees will avoid duties and seek formal way whenever possibleMotivation-hygiene TheoryHarmonizing to Herzberg, the factors taking to occupation satisfaction are spliting and distinguishable from those that leads to occupation dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors entangle factors such as company policy and disposal, supervising, interpersonal dealingss, working conditions, and salary. Motivator factors include factors such as attainment, acknowledgment, the work itself, duty and growing.Hygiene FactorsCompany regulation and direction Supervision familiarity with supervisor Work fortunes Salary Relationship with equals Personal life association with subsidiaries Status SafetyIncentive Factorsattainmentrecognition Work itself Duty patterned advance GrowthContemporary Theories of MotivationERG TheoryERG Theory proposed by Clayton Alderfer of Yale University Alderfer fights that there are three groups of nucleus demandsBeingRelatednessGrowthExistence group is in a bad way(p) with supplying our basic stuff being demands. Relatedness group is the desire we have for keeping of import interpersonal relationshipsMcClelland s Theory of NeedsMcClelland s theory of demands focal points on three demandsAccomplishmentPowerAffiliationCognitive Evaluation TheoryAllocating extrinsic wagess for behavior that had been antecedently per se rewarded tends to diminish the overall degree of motive. ( This construct was proposed in the late sixtiess. ) The mutuality of extrinsic and intrinsic wagess is a existent phenomenonUndertaking Characteristics TheoriesThese theories seek to place undertaking features of occupations, how these features are combined to organize different occupations, and their relationship to employee motive, satisfaction, and public presentation.Goal-setting theorySpecific and hard ends lead to higher public presentation. Feedback leads to higher public presentation than non-feedback. In add-on to feedback, 2 other factors have bee n found to act upon the goals-performance relationship. These areGoal committedness.Sufficient self-efficacy.Equity TheoryPersons make comparings of their occupation inputs and outcomes relations to those of others and so move in response so as to take any unfairnesss . Stacy Adams proposed that this invalidating tenseness province provides the motive to make something to rectify it.There are 4 referent comparings that employee can utilizeSelf-inside.Self-outside.Other interior.Other exterior.DecisionThe alteration in the leading theories clip by clip says that the leader should posses certain characters which lead the organizational success whether to believe in keeping a relationship or to travel on tactically the director or the leader should move to the state of affairs and acquire success at the terminal. Depending on the companies motive the leader should respond or act with the squad members to accomplish the mark. Normally keeping a good relation helps to do the squad me mbers life easy and pull off the work merrily. The squad members become more advanced and achieve marks easy where as with tactical manner leading may make some kind of force per unit area on the squad members, there is no warrant that in every state of affairs relational ship direction is successful. the leader should accommodate himself for the state of affairs and move harmonizing to a peculiar state of affairs. We have discussed above merely a aggregation of the motive theories and ideas of the assort advocates of direction.In some of the theories and sentiment presented, nevertheless, one can detect some glimpses of the individual and how, possibly, he or she could be motivated. This is fulfilling in itself. But, as noted earlier, pattern has been in progress of theory in this field, so allow us now move to the realistic side of direction of human behavior and motive in the workplace.

A Wanderlust Blueprint for Taipei and Taiwan

Taipei is the capital city of Taiwan, and is known perhaps most prominently for its famous landmark skyscraper, Taipei 101. Theres a multi-level tell onping mall adjoined to the tower, containing hundreds of fashionable stores, restaurants, and clubs. Being the bookworm that I am, I visit Page One first, a huge bookstore with both Chinese and English books. After that, I decide to treat myself to a shopping spree after all, I am on vacation. When Im through, I decide to visit the observatory on the 89th floor.Id read somewhere that the observatory elevators here are the fastest in the world, capable of travelling from the fifth floor to the 89th floor in just 37 seconds. I squeeze into a crowded elevator and circumscribe my stopwatch. Exactly 37 seconds later, the doors break with a ping. Wow. Maybe I can get one of these for my apartment. Then I hear the tour guide informing a group of Japanese tourists that each elevator costs US$2.4 million. On second thought, I think Ill sc ratch that idea.Simply put, the view is amazing. Theres no other way to declare it. I take advantage of the fact that the observatory offers a full, undivided, 360 degree view, and take several panorama pictures. I dally at the gift shop for a couple of minutes, inwardly debating whether or not I should spend NT$1500 on an IVE BEEN TO TAIPEI 101 t-shirt. In the end, I purchase it anyway, after managing to prevail on _or_ upon myself that NT$1500 is not that expensive for a souvenir shirt.I proceed to visit the subject field Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall. Its an incredible monument that was erected in the memory of Chiang Kai-shek, former electric chair of the Republic of China. The whole thing is surrounded by a park and a large square, in which both the National Concert Hall and the National Theater are located. I set off for the National Concert Hall, but to my dismay, am told by the lady at the ticket office in that respect that there are no performances scheduled today. Dis appointed, I decide instead to walk the expanse of the park. There are large lakes with loads of look for in them, and I buy several handfuls of fish food from a nearby vending machine. Its fun to throw the food in and watch all the fish swarm together like bees towards pollen.Afterwards, I decide to head to Shihlin night Market. I take the MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) from Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall Station, past Taipei chief(prenominal) Station, to Jiantan Station. The journey takes me about 20 minutes. I swear Im in love with the transport system here. Its fast, its cheap, and its so clear. There are English announcements and notices all all over the place. Ive only been here for a couple of days, but the system is so easy to understand, I feel like an old-timer already.Its crowded at Shihlin Night Market, and I find myself travelling down what I would describe as the main alley. Shops of every kind line the two sides, and there are small alleys that branch off. The sheer amo unt and variety of products being sold are quite dazzling, as they range from clothes, novelties, and cosmetics, to toys, electronics, and food. I guess I shouldnt be impress by the wide audience that Shihlin receives, but I am, sort of.Ive seen families with young children, big groups of laughing teenagers, middle-aged couples holding hands, and older people shuffling around. Ive as well spotted some foreigners, who, like me, probably just want to experience what the infamous Shihlin Night Market has to offer. I have to say, Im quite impressed. I didnt deliver this place to present any sort of entertainment for small children, but I mustve passed at least 20 games of miniature hoops, ring toss, small pinball game machines, and catch the turtles/ fishes by now.I sit down at a small table in a food stall, and tentatively order a plate of chou dou fu stinky tofu apparently its a Taiwanese specialty. Two minutes later, a plate of steaming hot tofu is set in front of me. To my surp rise, its actually pretty good.Maybe tomorrow, Ill work up the nerve to try tian je frogs legs.

Reliability of Human Memory

The reliability of human shop, though typically seen as kinda accurate and trust- worthy, has been questioned by researchers in recent decades. In particular, one area of computer storage that has raised questioning is emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed, which were number one-class honours degree referred to as newsbreak memories in 1977 by Roger Brown and James Kulak, which occur due to powerful events such as the death of Princess Diana, and the terrorist attacks on 9/1 1 . These memories are not as reliable as perceived, and do not provide accurate details of past events liable.This can be seen in the pastime two Journal articles one which facial gestures at memory recollection by and by 9/1 1 occurred everyplace 3 different condemnation periods, straight after, 1 course of instruction after and 3 years after, and the other looks at the twinkling memories produced after the nuclear attacks in Japan in 1999. It is fundamental to adopt the i dea that fanfare memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably, and more so look at them Just exchangeable every other memory. The first Journal article examines long-term retention of memory from the tragedy hat is the terrorist attacks of kinsfolk 1 1 .The count had over 3000 individuals from seven US cities report on their learning of the attacks, as rise as details about the attack, one week, 11 months and 35 months after the assault. The following were foc utilize on in the field of honor (1) the long-term retention of flashbulb and event memories, (2) the comparative retention of emotional reactions with the retention of other features of a flashbulb event, (3) possible difference in the underlying processing associated with the formation and retention of flashbulb and event memories, and (4) the factors that shape long-term retention, including the role of memory practices. (Hirsh W.Et al, 2009, Para. 3) The study was conducted plainly by dint of 3 similarly designed surveys for the different time periods, with the first 6 questions relating to developing consistency of flashbulb memories, the next 4 on the accuracy of event memories, and the remaining questions on predictors, with confidence levels recorded for each answer as well. Concluding the research study, it was found that the rate of forgetting for flashbulb memories and event memory lows after a year, the strong emotional reactions drawn out by flashbulb events are remember poorly, and that the content of flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year.The second Journal article consists of a study that looks at the nuclear accident that occurred in Japan, in 1999 and whether or not different aspects such as the source, place, activity or people have an effect on the accuracy of flashbulb memories. The study was conducted through a questionnaire which was distributed twice 3 weeks and a year after the event occurred, to people that lived on the site of the bo mbing as ell as in the surrounding area. The questionnaire asked such questions as from where did you receive the news? And, how more times did you talk about it with other people? at both time periods to see the consistency of answers, along side to see if on that point was each outside influence on the souls memory. The results from the study determined that only a small portion of participants indicated accurate flashbulb memories, alongside this, those that did have accurate flashbulb memories reported rehearsing the memory more than those that had inaccurate memories his encourages the idea that flashbulb memories are formed through rehearsal, rather than at encoding. (Attain, h. , et al. , 2005, p. ) Like every study, the one regarding September 1 lath in any case has strong suits and weaknesses when collecting and evaluating the data to come to a conclusion on the accuracy of flashbulb memories, however the strengths of the study outweigh that of the weaknesses. The f irst strength of the study is that it provides data not only from one time period from when the event occurred, but from multiple so that it can not only look at how much is remembered over a certain period of time, but also to an extent at what rate memory retention declines, as well as stabilizes, which as mentioned earlier the rate of forgetting slows after a year.Another strength of the study is that by providing confidence levels, it also helps to manoeuver whether or not the person doing the survey was guessing to fill in the answers, or if they genuinely believed what their memory was telling them, which as a result showed on a whole that memory is not as trustworthy as perceived, with many people reporting different Tories several years later, with very high confidence levels. Weaknesses are also evident in the study, however not as weighted as the strengths for it.One weakness that is prominent in the study is that because the survey is not done in a controlled environment , and is rather sent in the mail to the person, when completing the survey there could be other factors in the persons home which may potentially equal what they are thinking at the time, and thus could provide inaccurate data in the long run. Another weakness in the study, although it does not have as well as large of an impact, s that health issues had not been accounted for, which in turn could potentially alter the overall data.Overall it can be seen that the strengths of the study outweigh that of the weaknesses, and therefore the study provides accurate data which in turn shows that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably. The study conducted regarding the nuclear accident in Japan has numerous strengths and weaknesses involved in the collection and evaluation of the data, which ultimately affects the outcome of the study.In this study the strengths outweighed that of the weaknesses. The first noticeable strength in the study is that it loo ks at the four different aspects the source, place, activity and people which provides a broader understanding of what information, if any, is retained accurately. Though from the study it showed that each factor didnt have too large of an impact, and that flashbulb memory is not as accurate as first thought.Another strength of the study is that unlike in the first study, for this one the exact same questionnaire was used at both different time periods, so that it is a lot easier to compare insistence, rather than having different questions which potentially could be interpreted incorrectly. Alongside the strengths of the study, there are also weaknesses, one of which being that it does not look at lengthier time periods after the event happened, and it only looks at 2, unlike the other study which looked at 3.This could throw out the overall results of the study, however it still provides a general idea. Another weakness in the study is that Just like the first study, it does not take into account peoples health problems, or even age, which has a chance of providing incorrect data. However, looking at the strengths of the study, they outweigh the weaknesses in the sense that they show that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably.In conclusion, the human memory, is not reliably accurate in providing details of past events. This was shown specifically after analyzing different Journal articles that look at flashbulb memories. In conclusion to the Journal article that tested flashbulb memory against the 9/1 1 attacks, it was concluded that the strong emotional reactions drawn out by flashbulb events are remember poorly, and that the content f flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year.In the following study that was conducted after the nuclear accident that occurred in Japan in 1999 was analyses, it was concluded that the idea that flashbulb memories are formed through rehearsal, rather than at encoding. After analy zing the following articles, it has been concluded that flash bulb memory is not and has not been reliable for recollecting events accurately. For future research for each of the studies, the surveys should be consistent over the time period so that accurate information is collected.Also, health ND age should be taken into account to reduce venture for incorrect data.

Nike’s CRM Essay

Nike manufactures shoes also athletic clothing such as shorts, shirts, jackets and under armors wristbands, bag packs, jerseys and socks are also change by Nike (Rao, 2012). The Nike slogan, Just Do It, have placed its brand in the mind of consumers, through the recognition of its products and promotional tools used worldwide (Rao, 2012).Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is focusing on meaningful, long term relationships and not immediate profit with the guests (2010, p.202). According to the research, in 2012, Nike launched a smart duty division c in alled Nike Digital sport (NDS). The objective of NDS was designing to develop technologies that allow the users to track their personal performance while Nike collected and stored data relating to client needs. Because of NDS, Nike has been commensurate to communicate more effectively with customers about their needs. Nike also has its own social networking service called Nike+ (Rao, 2012). This social networking service focu ses on building social networks and relationships among battalion and communities. Nike has built relationships between the company and customer by understanding the customers needs and preferences.CRM programs applyed by Nike are mainly operational and strategic. For example, Nike kindle enables customers to record their progress through the use of Nike Plus devices. These devices are designed to update customers on the latest Nike sports trends and insights, and allow them to communicate with Nike. Another CRM program implement by Nike is Nike + Connect apps. It is a free app developed by Nike that uploads customers Nike+ data from plus devices to their accounts. Nike also formd a Nike+ running app that enables customers to share their take care on social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook.According to the research, Nike reaches over millions of fans every day in an interactive dialogue, rather than having to rely on colossal sponsored events to reach this number (Stok es, 2012). The massive volumes of freely shared user data produce meaningful brand insights, lead to product innovations, and allow the brand to create closer to consumers. Effective CRM has enabled Nike to collaborate with customers, drive business processes, maximize Return on Investment (ROI) and support brand development (Stokes, 2012).Nike promises to stand behind all of the companys products for both consumer and retail accounts (Nike, 2014). Nikes web site enables its customers to use the search function to search for information related to Nikes customer service policies. The answers are provided by the use of intelligent automates response technology. The website also provides customers with answers of Frequently Asked Question (FAQ). Through the implementation of this program, Nike is able to have an open talk line with and a better understanding of customers.Customer facing process results in a product or service that is received by an systems external customer (Stokes , 2012). In 2010, Nike created a division called Nike Digital Sport (DS). DS provides skilled resources, budget, and coordination across the enterprise (Cendrowski, 2012). Nikes goal was to create a combined consumer experience that shapes responds to the evolving preferences of consumers (Cendrowski, 2012). Nike DS leads most customer-facing digital projects, releasing products under the Nike Plus brand. Personnel, designers and a team of marketers work together to develop new digital innovations. Together, they work to find new ways to mine large amounts of highly accurate customer data, which is a key strategic asset for merchandise and product development in the highly competitive digital space. Nike plans, in the future, to become ever-closer to each of its customers around the world.I think in the future, Nike should considering incorporating a cogitate similar to zapdata.com to the Nike web site. Customers can click on the link and contact Nike in real time via text-chat so ftware hosted by a second party such as a live person. Customers can click on a text-chat button and thesite launches a new window and have questions answered by a live representative. Customers can continue to browse Nike while a support representative answers their question(s). If after asking the question a customer is keep mum having difficulty finding the information, the representative from Nike online can simply send the page to the customer with the information that he or she was seeking for. This might impose a high cost to Nike starting out, but the increase in sales will quickly cover the expenses and further enhance the companys customer support and satisfaction.Reference1. Cendrowski, S. (2012). Nikes new marketing mojo. Fortune Magazine. Retrieved on June 17, 2014 from http//fortune.com/2012/02/13/nikes-new-marketing-mojo/2. Naveed, H. (2012). Nike, Inc. Website Analysis. Website Analysis. Retrieved on June 16, 2014 fromhttps//sites.google.com/a/email.vccs.edu/bus100 hnaveed/home/website-analysis.3. Nesbitt, S. (2011). Measuring the ROI of Social CRM. Social engineering Review.Retrieved on June 17, 2014 fromhttp//www.socialtechnologyreview.com/articles/measuring-roi-social-crm4. NIKE, INC. (2014). Business Overview. Nike Global Growth Strategy. Retrieved on June 17, 2014 from http//nikeinc.com/news/nike-inc-introduces-2015-global-growth-strategywww.nikeresponsibility.com/report/content/chapter/business-overview5. Rao, A.S. (2012). Digital Marketing at Nike From Communication to Dialogue. IBS Center for Management Research. PDF Document.

The Impact of Terrorism Enforcement on Individual Rights

The Impact of Terrorism Enforcement on Individual Rights Christine Gontarz Northern Virginia familiarity College Woodbridge Campus ADJ100 December 2, 2011 Professor George DeHarde Table of Contents Introduction3 Terrorism and the First Amendment5 Early memoir7 The Alien and lawlessness exercises of 17987 Habeas school principal Act of 18638 World War I History9 Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 19189 Schenck v. US -9 Debs v. US10 World War II History11 Alien Registration (Smith) Act of 194011 Japanese-American Internment Executive Order 9066 of 194211The History of Today12 Antiterrorism and efficient Death Penalty Act of 199612 U. S. A PATRIOT Act 200113 Conclusion15 Works Cited17 Introduction During generation of high crime, terrorism, war, and national crisis, citizens are willing to trade due process for a lying-in of individual rights. At the heart of our individual rights are the first ten Amendments of the join States Constitution, the Bill of Rights. Although all the Amendments of the Bill of Rights were written to be of equal importance, to legion(predicate) Americans the roughly treasured is the First Amendment. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the granting immunity of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution Simply stated, the FirstAmendment guarantees us the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. By examining the history of the United States, there have been times when incidents of crime, terrorism, terrorism threats, war, and national crisis have affected the rights of the people of the United States.There have been actions and reactions to those threats by the giving medication activity. Restrictions were hardened on citizens by find outing their rights specifically the First, F ourth, and Fourteenth Amendments. Initially, the people of the United States understood the reasoning behind these limitations however, as time went by, umteen felt the neediness to speak out about the injustices ca functiond by the presidential term and the restrictions of the freedoms of the people.Although the additional amendments in the Bill of Rights are of equal importance, it is the purpose of this paper to define examples of how the government has violate a the basic rights of the First Amendment during a presence or threat of terrorism in the United States. Terrorism and the First Amendment Freedom, as Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the seeking of happiness. The Declaration of Independence is a God-given right provided to United States citizens. By declaring its independence from Great Britain and signing the Declaration of Independence, the Congress of the original thirteen colonies took its first locomote to ensure its freedom from King George and British rule. Their goal, self-government and equal rights for the people (Fallon 14). It is because of British tyrannical rule that the United States Constitution was written.The United States Constitution sketch the rights of the government of the thirteen original colonies, but it was not until the Federalists and Anti-Federalists resolved their differences and adopted the Bill of Rights in 1791 that the people of the United States had the rights and freedoms they so desired to build this country. more than(prenominal) than two hundred years later, on September 11, 2001, the United States was targeted by terrorists. This day is marked by atrocities beyond imagination. It is also on this day that mevery people of this generation say that the individual rights that our forefathers worke d to provide have been changed forever.The set upons of September 11th have ca utilize the freedoms outlined in the Bill of Rights to be restricted by the enforcement of government rules and regulations First Amendment rights limiting the freedom of speech, Fourth Amendment rights of illegal search and seizure, and Fourteenth Amendment rights of due process come to mind (although others feel that the Fifth and 6th Amendments have also been affected). There are specific examples in United States history where the effects of terrorism enforcement have impinged individual rights.In order to relate the restore of government actions on individual rights for the sake of national security, in the name of terrorism, terrorism must be defined. According to the FBI, there is no one interpretation that is universally accepted by everyone (Office of Public Affairs iv). Their definition of terrorism from the Code of Federal Regulations can be defined as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of semipolitical or social objectives (28 C.F. R. Section 0. 85). By observing a chronological history of the United States there is evidence of terrorism since the beginning of written history. References in the Bible refer to the cleansing of entire groups of people by eliminating the city of Jericho (Joshua 6. 1-27) . There are examples of terrorism during Greek and Roman times when the first know terror organization, the Zealots of Judea, formed campaigns and carried out assassinations of Roman occupation forces and Jews whom they felt collaborated with the Romans. (Early History of Terrorism) Although earlier instances of terrorism impacted the rights of individuals, it was not until the adoption of the Bill of Rights that there was holiday resort that could be taken by the people. It was then that citizens of the United States could declare tha t their individual rights were violated. Early History The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 From 1789 through 1799, during the French Revolution, the United States was labored to declare a policy of neutrality to avoid becoming involved in European conflicts and being dragged into another war.Because of an impending fear of war with France and a fear that criticism of the government was destine to topple the Constitution, (Willis 5) the Federalist-dominated Congress of President John Adams enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 (Office of the Historian). Consisting of quadruple acts, they introduced laws intended to suppress political showdown from Anti-Federalists. By enacting these laws, Adams was working to shield the United States from the French enemy and to protect the United States from opposition groups of Anti-Federalists.The four laws consisted of the Naturalization Act which raised the residency goal of aliens from five to fourteen years, the Alien Act of 1798 whi ch enabled the president to deport any alien (even during peacetime) if they were considered dangerous to the safety of the US. The Alien Enemies Act of 1798 enabled wartime fetch, imprisonment, or deportation of any alien for simply being from an enemy country. The last act, The Sedition Act made it a crime to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the US. It also prohibited writing, printing, uttering, or publishing any false, scandalous, and malicious writing or writings against the government of the US. It is evident that Sedition Act was the most moot and most seriously punishable of the acts. Committing an offense against the Sedition Act was punishable by fines up the $5,000 and up to five years in prison and a second offenses were charged with a $2,000 fine and up to two years in jail.Most of those punished under the Sedition Act were journalists and politicians who aligned themselves with the Anti-Federalist political party or the Jeffersonian Republicans (Willis 7). The grandson of Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Bache who was the founder and editor of the Philadelphia General Advertiser, was the first to be charged under the Sedition Act because of his Anti-Federalist descent against John Adams and the Federalist party. Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 The presidency of Abraham Lincoln can best be described as a presidency of wartime.Just twelve hours after the president was elected, Major Robert Anderson move Lincoln a dispatch requesting reinforcements of twenty thousand men to secure Fort Sumter from Confederate attack (Dirck 20) . It was Lincoln who set the tone for wartime presidents and he took affluent advantage of this power. During the height of the Civil War, Lincoln ordered a writ suspending Habeas Corpus. Lincolns primary focus by ordering the writ was to lenify political opposition from pro-Confederate sympathizers.He justified his decision by stating Even in such a shield, would not the official oath be broken, if the gover nment should be overthrown, when it was believed that disregarding the single law, would tend to preserve it? (Dirck 25) referring to (Lincoln) . Lincoln believed that public safety was the cornerstone behind his decision. With public safety in mind, Lincoln authorized Winfield Scott to arrest anyone in an insurrection against the laws of the United States. (Dirck 25) referring to (Symonds) World War I HistoryEspionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 Once again the United States and its people were preoccupied with war. In April 1917, the United States declared war on Germany and fears of espionage, anarchist activities, and the threat of terrorism loomed over the heads of the United States government. By establishing the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918, the government prohibited the public from openly demonstrating or strait forth any information deemed to be detrimental to the force or the government during a time of war.Woodrow Wilson even gave the pos tmaster rights to restrict distribution of mail and documents that could be construed as harmful to the military of the United States . These offenses could be punishable by death. Because of the fear of harm to the nation and its citizens, the House and Senate almost passed the bill without any make do whatsoever even though the bill trampled on the freedom of speech and freedom of the press (Willis 14) . Schenck v. US Led by Oliver Wendell Holmes, this would be the first suit of clothes in which the Supreme Court handed down a ruling that constituted when the United States government could limit speech.CharlesSchenck, the general secretary of the Socialist party in Philadelphia was arrested for the distribution of political propaganda. These leaflets, which referenced the clause of the Thirteenth Amendment forbidding involuntary servitude, were directed at men who were drafted upon the passage of the Selective Service Act. Schenck support draftees to Assert Your Rights, and t hat the people needed to stand up to the government for entering the war. The government claimed that these flyers contained false statements that could ultimately interfere with the effort to win the war.It was during this case that Oliver Wendell Holmes coined his most memorable rationale for the decision of the Supreme Court to be upheld in the Schenck case, noting that The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. Debs v. US Eugene Debs, a founder of the Socialist troupe in 1901 and a strong opponent to the Great War, was no stranger to speaking his mind and being imprisoned because of his actions.Debs was sentenced to jail for his role as leader of a across the nation boycott of involving the Pullman Palace Car Company in 1894. After serving a two -year prison sentence, Debs held a Sunday afternoon picnic in Canton, Ohio. During his speech, Debs, phrasing his words carefully for fear of being prosecuted by the government for his right to free expression, encouraged the crowd to turn their backs on the Republican and pop Party and fight for a cause (Debs) . Debs was arrested for violating the Espionage Act and was accused of tampering with the recruiting returnss of the United States.He served a ten-year sentence for his speech. World War II History Alien Registration (Smith) Act of 1940 Representative Howard W. Smith introduced the Alien Registration Act of 1940. This act required aliens to register with the government of the United States within four months of their arrival in the United States. Although the prior acts were made during times of war, the Alien Registration Act was an act proposed and adopted during peacetime (Willis 26-27) . The main objective of the act was to vitiate any attempt by the American Commun ist Party to weaken the government of the United States.This act made it illegal to interfere with the loyalty of military personnel, to teach to violently overthrow the United States government, or to conspire to commit or to commit prohibited acts. The act also stated that the government could forfeit materials using the search warrant provision and that punishment of these offenses could result in a conviction of up to ten years in prison and a ten thousand dollar fine. In 1948, Harry Truman invoked this act to contain Soviet supporters and had eleven leaders of the Communist Party U.S. A. indicted for violations of the Smith Act. During the prosecution of the case of Dennis v. United States, the government used the works of KarlMarx to prove that the eleven men violated the Alien Registration Act stating that they privately planned to overthrow the government of the United States. Japanese-American Internment Executive Order 9066 of 1942 Eleven weeks after the Japanese attack o n Pearl Harbor, Executive Order 9066 was signed by Franklin Roosevelt. motility Centers were set up across the United States.Approximately 110,000 Japanese-Americans were confined to no more than an American version of Hitlers concentration camps. Japanese-Americans serving in the military were categorize as enemy aliens and discharged from the armed forces of the United States. Minoru Yasui was the first citizen to bring a case before the government during the time of the Internment. Yasui was denied active duty service by the United States military. Yasui purposely violated curfew orders in order to be arrested.His case, although initially based on a curfew law was brought to court and a self-coloured conviction was handed down to Yasui claiming that his racial attachments to his Japanese roots posed a danger of espionage to the American people (Baker and Stack 66-68) . The History of Today Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 In the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing, the nation was traumatized by such a deplorable act of domestic terrorism. An overpower public fear guided the reactions of United States and the government set limitations of individual rights to protect its people.One week after the Oklahoma City bombing, President Clinton and members of Congress fleetly approved the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty of 1996 (AEDPA). First Amendment rights were again affected. By allowing the Secretary of State to selectively define its meaning of material support to orthogonal organizations, citizens were guilty by association based on the purpose of their monetary contributions (Brown et al. 17-20) . The belief was that monetary and logistical contributions to an organization showed support for that organization. This was enough ammunition for the government to hold citizens in violation of the AEDPA.In a case brought against the Attorney General by the Humanitarian Law Project (HLP), the HLP challenged the ruling that their humanitarianism, peacekeeping training, and support of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) was in violation of the constitutionality of the material support statute. The PKK was determined to be a terrorist organization. By supporting a terrorist organization, the HLP could have faced extensive prison sentences if they had proceed to support their mission by providing monetary and logistical contributions even though the contributions were to support peaceful acts.Eventually the HLP ceased in their support of the PKK. U. S. A PATRIOT Act 2001 With the attack of the World Trade Center and Pentagon and the takeover of Flight 93, the scope of terrorism in the United States had changed since even the bombings in OklahomaCity. Once thought to be a crisis of foreign countries, the United States was now faced with a new brand of terrorist attacks unlike ever before. As a result, acts aimed at preventing further attacks and protect the security of society were invoked.The Uniting and Stren gthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act), was adopted in October 2001 to assist the government in gaining information on future terror attacks. Many feel that since the adoption of the PATRIOT Act, First Amendment rights have been violated in an unprecedented way. Not only does the government have the ability to limit the size and nature of demonstrations, conduct racial compose, but they also may limit the information which can be publicized to the citizens of the United States claiming national security interests. The National Archives and Records Administration states that the number of classification actions by the Executive furcate rose 14 percent in 2002 over 2001 and declassification activity fell to its lowest level in seven years. (Posner 220) Since September 11, Arab, Muslim, and South Asian populations of the United States have been profiled based on skin color and other physical characteristi cs. The government has the ability to stop, interrogate and detain individuals without criminal charge on the foot of their national origin, ethnicity and religion. (American Civil Liberties Union 1) . By looking at the people who were rounded up just after September 11, it is evident that racial profiling based on religion and ethnicity had taken place by the Department of Justice a clear violation of the First Amendment. In a more recent incident in The Washington Post on October 2008, Maryland State Police revealed that as a result of surveillance operations, the names of liii nonviolent activists had been placed into an unknown federal database used for the purpose of tracking terrorist suspects.The judgment by the Maryland State Police to include the activists names in the terrorist database was met with disapproval and was criticized by senators noting that the law enforcement officials were oblivious to their violation of the activists rights of free expression and associat ion. (Rein, Lisa A1) Conclusion Through historical records, it is evident the intent of the government in times of war is to protect its citizens and prevent aggression on the homeland.The punishment and imprisonment of citizens for First Amendment violations are based on situations when governing bodies of the United States felt imperil by acts of anarchy, Communism, terrorism, or war. In most instances, the government has been proactive by halting contrary opinions from opposing parties or seeking peacetime acts as a precautionary measure. At other times, they have been reactive by enacting laws after terrorist attacks . In either case, they have adopted rules and laws based upon the fear of the people and the prevention of potential attacks.Their fears have limited free speech, free assembly, free press, and have punished those for freedom of religion. Historically, as time went by and threats declined, the people of the United States became more intended of the limitation s the government had set forth. In the referenced laws and actions of this paper, court cases brought to the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of First Amendment limitations have been paramount in the repeal or recantation of these acts. The decisions in these cases prove that there is a need for a balance between individual freedoms and protection of the people.

Professional Responsibilities Legislation Essay

Teachers must meet their master responsibilities consistent with the institutes (IFLs) overlord values. (IFL) One of the IFLs many codes of professional practice. Upholding the code of conduct and relevant legislation is the basis for you as a teacher. Among the legislature you need to understand is the wideness of the health and safety act (1974) it says all workers are entitled to work in a safe environment where risks are properly controlled. The HSWA act is in addition the umbrella under which more specific regulations such as the Manual handling act 1992 (amended 2002) are made. Another fundamental element of workplace health and safety management and also a legal requirement is RIDDOR the reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995.Also of great importance the tykecare act 2006, it stipulates every child should get the support they need to be healthy, safe, and enjoy and achieve economic wellbeing. As a teacher you also need to have you r own professional values views, beliefs that will underpin your profession. A good teacher is more than a lecturer. (AMEE 2000) You are no longer a dispenser of information or a walking tape recorder but instead you are a facilitator or manager of the students knowledge. You are there to figure all learners have rise to power to the same resources, the same support and you dont differentiate instead embrace and respect peoples differences and their choices. You are there to guide them, let information and offer suggestions. But it has to be a 2 way process, by helping them you will also develop your skills because teaching is itself a learning process for the teacher (Joyce, Showers 2002).Everyone is different and you need to be prepared and have contingency plans for all levels of knowledge and skill you will find bored students suck up bad students. They dont just have a variety of levels but also different learning styles, be sure to have a mix of kinaesthetic, visual an d audio resources. You can use handouts with the camera instructions on, a video showing how it works, and then let them try themselves. It is your responsibility to ensure all students no matter how diverse are given equal learning opportunities that means assuming different roles. So for Learner X (names are confidential) you need to be firm, authoritative, Learner Y asks a lot of questions be prepared to listen and summarise, Learner Z needs more encouragement.

Is Mayella a Victim or Criminal Essay

The norms of society are infectiously pervasive. Sometimes its these norms, which dont let the society appreciate the potential it has causing the innocent victims of society to turn into criminals. It is non notwithstanding the society which plays a role in creating criminals in fact family and home life is quite prestigious as well. We notice this when Mayella a nineteen-year-old commits the unspeakable crime of accuse a black man of a rape- who is completely innocent. Even though this event may portray Mayella as a criminal and a racist being, but Mayella herself is a victim of societys prejudice thinking, her family, and, loneliness.In the city of Maycomb the Ewells drive home always been looked down on and considered white trash. The Ewells are neither accepted by white concourse due to their social standing nor black people who disassociate themselves with the Ewells because they are white. Mayella, being different from the other Ewells, wants to experience the world ou tside of the filth she lives in Against the fence, in a line, were six chipped-enamel slop jars retentiveness brilliant red geraniums. The germaniums suggest that Mayella desires to be better than her surroundings, to aspire to higher things. Another reason as to why she immediately seizes her chance to finally access the privileges of white womanhood after years of dungeon among pigs. She is someone who does not want her identity to be associated with the Ewells. However, at the end of the day society does not see Mayella for who she is but instead a Ewell. Societys norm leaves Mayella completely lonely and isolated, so her attraction to Tom Robinson is a consequence of this seclusion.Due to her mothers absence, Mayella being the oldest of the eight children is strained to look after the younger Ewell children, since Bob is out drinking up his relief check. Her relationship with her find is incestuous and abusive, but she doesnt have anywhere to go or anyone to help her. Howeve r when she is approached, pitied, and helped by Tom Robinson, she craves him. But what she really feels is happiness of being with someone in hope of receiving the adore she has been deprived of. Her decision to falsely accuse Tom Robinson of rape is certainly a horrendousact, but she no doubt was forced to do so by her father, Bob, to cover the fact that he beat her himself. The only reason she begins to employ the same low, underhanded tactics of persuasion as her father is for her own safety. solitariness is the main reason why Mayella throws herself on Tom Robinson. Being a young teen missy she has been through many hardships raising her siblings, enduring her fathers beatings, and having her mother snatched from her at a precise young age. Like any girl at this age she dreams that her perfect man will infer and take her away from this filth she is living in and give her all the love she has been deprived of however, she doesnt understand that this is her misconception and i n real life nothing like this will happen.But without the right focusing and love she will be keep hurting herself by putting herself through all this exploitation. She seeks this love because she gets from nowhere else, as her mother has passed away, her dad is an alcoholic, and she has no friends. She may be a criminal for accusing Tom Robinson for something he hasnt done but she herself is also a victim of the society, her family, and loneliness. But its these experiences that urged her to become a criminal. She was also a mockingbird who got exposed to the cruelty of the world causing her to bulge out another mockingbird.

The Assualt – Views About Past and Present

In his novel The Assault, Harry Mulisch illustrates a clear example at how gentleman fund can aid us in pursuing a better future in the lead of us. As Anton watched the motor boats on the first rapscallion of the novel he was amazed at how firm the motor boats moved and the wake they left behind. Each time he sawing machine them zoom by he would try to follow their wake however its pattern became so distorted he could non follow it. Along side the motor boats were the gondolas where they were propelled by the captain pushing a stick tooshie thus moving his boat forward. He then takes this approach on life and lives sequence perpetu bothy bringing up his recent(a).E genuinely time he attempted to look at what the future held in store for him he was sent back towards looking at the late(prenominal)(a). By looking back and meddling for his past he was able to progress into the future with step up feeling the unbearable sprightly of the future. Mulisch uses an extensive hail of light and dreary metaphors, and complex body part in order to show us that if we desire to progress by means of with(predicate) a less painful life we should job upon our past before we look too farther ahead into the future. Mulisch coordinate his novel in such a way that the reader can unmistakably understand the past form the present.In the very beginning of the book Anton and his family are going active(predicate) their lives however there is not a single trace of light. Mulisch shake ups this point very clear for everyone is bit out there lights in case of a bombing run. In addition he writes that all was dark as the murder was committed and peter took the carbon lamp. These had all happened in the past and wherefore Mulisch is stating the past is dark. As the reader reaches the end of the book and the final scene is of Anton walking away in the middle of the day, when the sun is the highest, we conclude that the present is light.This juxtaposition is furth er backed by the chapter structure Mulisch chose to use. Although some if not all books, rise in chapter number such as this one, Mulisch chose to use years and dates for chapters to very clearly indicating the movement from past to present. This structure and juxtaposition as well as the metaphor of light and dark as representing future and past allows the reader to follow Antons progression through out. As one scans the novel a noticeable pattern forms in that as the facts (chapters) progress, so does Antons noesis of his past.This is done through Mulisch structuring the novel so that Anton meets a spick-and-span person and gains a new magic spell of his past as time goes on. His past first comes back to him when he travels back to Haarlem after life with his Aunt and Uncle in Amsterdam since the murder of Fake Ploeg was committed. here(predicate) he is greeted with multiple objects that remind him of his past and one of which is the herring bone pattern on the quay. Mulisc h writes, With sudden excitement he recognized the herringbone pattern of the brick pavement. He had never noticed it in the old days, but now he saw it realized it had ever been there. (Mulisch page 62) The herringbone patter represents how much distortion Antons memory has about the night the murder was committed. It is this confusion that Anton is excited by and he then strives to find answers through out his life both consciously and unconsciously. In addition to the herringbone pattern on page 62 he also meets Mrs. Beumer and Mr. Beumer. Anton does not akin the presence of them when he first meets them but it is because of their connection to his past that leads him to another connection The monument on the quay.From hear Anton feels like he has an unbearably empty hollow inside of him. When something is empty, in an existentialistic view such as Mulisch, it must be filled and for Anton that something is knowledge of his past. The fact concludes with Anton thinking of hims elf floating at the center of the earth. There he would be able to reflect upon the declare of things in eternity. (Mulisch page 76) Mulisch Has Anton percolating this idea in order to show the reader that Anton is clearly going to reflect upon his past. Shortly after Antons acquaintance with Haarlem and the Beumers he walks into Fake Ploeg Jr. n Antons flat. Here they are both greeted with past and they have quite the talk about it. While this is going on Anton is attempting to light a stove filled with dark oil. As the conversation between Anton and Ploeg Jr. escalates the dark oil has yet to light up. At the most enraged part of the conversation Fake unconquerable to throw a stone and after this, a cloud of dark soot from the stove and cover Antons flat. Ploeg Jr. was a connection to Antons past and the dark soot covering Antons flat is representative of a piece of his past he just acquired through Ploeg Jr.This was not an easy feat for Anton was trying to speed up the process small-arm talking to Ploeg Jr. as represented by having to much oil on the stove and trying to light it. This is all occurring while Anton has a headache which plunge him into darkness because of the pain. This then indicates that the past does in fact aid Anton in the way that he lives less painfully. This motif of dimming light (future and pain) with darkness (past and relief) comes up another time while lying on the beach on page 126.Mulisch uses the metaphor of a book for the in moveed inclination of illustrating the light and dark motifs as Anton was blinded by the whiteness of the pages reflecting the sun onto him. Later in the identical scene Anton falls asleep in the light of the beach and awakens to another of his splitting migraines. A hardly a(prenominal) lines down however Mulisch writes that in the soothing shade, it had almost disappeared. Giving way to the motif mentioned earlier. Among the actions that take step up in the beginning of the novel, Anton meets a charwoman whom he meets in a jail cell.It is only when Anton is interpreted out of the cell and sees blood that his curiosity raises even more. This along with the assault itself fades away into Antons memory like the wake of the motor boats. As he grows older he begins to think about this woman even more. This is particularly set on by a man named Cor Takes who talks to him about his girlfriend. With this new found information Anton keeps attempting to put a face on the woman in the cell for he thinks it is the woman Takes was talking about (Truus Coster).Anton keeps looking forward to who the woman in the cell was and during this time period, episode three to the final episode, he has constant migraines which plunge him into darkness in order to stop the pain. Mulisch structured this episode as this to show the reader that looking towards the future is dangerous and we should rely on our past before we make assumptions. Mulisch then has Anton stop thinking about Truus for he conc urs that she must look like Saskia. Anton accepts this conclusion and his migraines start diminishing. This further extends the conceit of dark and light as ways of representing past and future, tidy nd bad. At the end of the final episode Anton has now spent 36 years peeping for his past and ultimately he comes to a conclusion when he meets his old neighbor Karin Korteweg. Anton finally hears the firm story about his past and he is unusually at ease with this information. Mulisch used this to state that Anton had finally been vindicated of his past. The book ends in mid day, commonly known as when the sun is at its brightest point. Mulisch uses this structure and juxtaposition of the begging of the book to extend the light and darkness motifs in the novel.Although we can walk through our lives looking towards the future it is much harder than if we walk facing the past. When we look to the future we feel as if our past is always weighing us down such as the panoptic-con of the Nazis during WWII. When we do feel its weight we tend to have a harder time progressing through what each one of us consider our meaningful life. We should always reflect upon our past no matter how much we want to ignore it because by doing so we make better sense of our future and are ultimately brought into the light with no pain. After all Everything comes to light. (Mulisch page 128)

Basic Chemistry for investigating living things

Which test underground represents the control? The one with water. C. wherefore? When protein molecules are present, capital of Lebanon Reagent reacts with the protein to form a purple color. Tube number one is the control subway system because it is distilled water and has no protein the tobacco pipe has no color. C. Which test tube contained the most test substance? Amylase D. opposite than the control, which test tube contained the least test substance? Hard to say because the other ones didnt have a good deal of a color, so it didnt seem like there was much protein at all. E. Did the results agree with your initial possibleness in every case? Yes F. Why or wherefore to?Starches and slits are helped by protein enzymes and Amylase is an enzyme. Good antecedent of protein, so I thought Albumen would have protein Eggs are a foods, but the capital of Lebanon reagent isnt strong enough to pick up small amounts G. If the color change is non as you expected, what top executiv e be the reasons? Contamination H. Add another 5 drops of Beirut Reagent to each test tube and fuss as before. Do your results change? I didnt notice any change Discussion A. What is the figure of this sour? To use color to detect if substances have protein since Beirut reagent would react with a protein to form a purple color B.Why is it important to clean droppers and equipment between chemical uses? To avoid cross contamination C. What other types of foods or substances contain high levels of protein? Meat or fingernails D. purport a situation where you might use the Beirut Reagent colorimetric test. It kidney disease E. What other types of analytical procedures detect the presence of proteins? The Lowry Method Exercise 2 interrogatory for the Presence of Starch in Cells A. What is the test substance? Starch B. Which test tube represents the control? water supply C. Why? Water has no stiffen and it turned amber, so if your color was amber, you ad no amylum D.Which test tu be contained the most test substance? potato starch Other than the control, which test tube contained the least test substance? Albumen and amylase E. Did the results agree with your initial hypothesis in each case, wherefore or why not? Known to have starch, and they did. I didnt expect the proteins Yes, potatoes are to have starch sources, but theyre not in every natural food source G. If the color change is not as you expected it to be, what might be the reasons? That items I did not think had starch, actually did have it. A. What is the purpose of this exercise?Iodine reacts with carbohydrates to form a dark blue color, so you would know if the substance had carbohydrates base on the color it turned. B. What other types of foods or substances contain high levels of starch? Wheat grain C. Suggest a situation where you might use the iodine colorimetric test. Testing for thyroid issues D. What other types of analytical procedures detect the presence of starch? Detect the presence of starch by using the chemical method acting A. What is the test substance? Sugar C. Why? There is no sugar in water, and it turned a light blue.Any test with that color old mean that there was no sugar C. Which test tube contained the most test substance? Glucose D. Besides the control, which test tube contained the least test substance? Potato starch D. Did the results agree with your initial hypothesis in every case? Yes E. Why or why not? The test specifically looks for glucose, so other carbohydrates and starches that dont have glucose, will not show sugar F. What are you conclusions about the results? Glucose will react with Benedicts reagent G. If the color change is not as expected, what might be the reasons? Contamination

Constructing On Constructivism The Role Of Technology Education Essay

Abstr dallyionA complementary relationship exists between design and constructivism, the capital punishment of from each one one profiting the separate. Constructivism is a philosophy saying that larning takes topographic imply in circumstances, while engineer refers to the designs and mi double-dealingus that engage studently persons. Recent efforts to incorporate applied science in the schoolroom establish been within the context of a constructivist model ( e.g. , Richards, 1998 ) . The intent of this paper is to analyze the interrelatedness between constructivism and applied science as revealed by data-based research. The instances implicate a assortment of surveies in a assortment of scenes instructor information, on-line science, and K-12 instruction constructivist schemes include cooperative and accommodative acquirement methods, prosecuting in critical and broody thought, rating through electronic portfolios, and a critical expression at emerging inst ructor endures within constructivist paradigms. Success has been inform in the ontogenesis of constructivist bod faculties utilizing engineering as cognitive bills, profiting both pupils and module. However, many instructors do non utilize constructivist conceptions, and those who do atomic number 18 non wise in their choice of engineering rule ( Rakes, Flowers, Casey, & A Santana, 1999 ) . Technology needs to be viewed in a 3-dimensional moorage semiotic, epistemological, and matter-of-fact, enabling the grammatical construction of intelligence by scholars through a spin of socialization.Introduction erstwhile cognizing is no longer understood as the hunt for an iconic representation of ontological world, but, alternatively, as a hunt for suiting slipway of behaving and thought, the traditional communication channel disappears. Knowledge stooge now be seen as something that the macrocosm builds up in the effort to magnitude the as much(prenominal) formless flo w of experiencea von Glasersfeld ( 1984, p. 39 )The habitude of cipher machine engineering to back up acquisition has been hard to document and measure out ( Clark, 1994 Russell, 1999 ) , go forthing the function of reckon machines in the schoolroom unst subject. In the past decennary, a sudden resurgence of involvement was markedly observed in the schoolroom customs duty of technological inventions, along with the increased usage of the Internet and other digital engineerings ( Reiser, 2002 ) . The field of instructional Design and Technology, excessively, saw the victimization and outgrowth of substitute attacks, such as cognitive and constructivist theories, that deviated aggressively from traditional patterns, such as behavioural theoretical accounts. sassy accents, like electronic public presentation support systems, web-based focussing, and acquown(prenominal)tance direction systems, non merely agitate the scholarship base of the field, but besides widened its sk yline across concern and industry, the military, wellness attention and instruction, worldwide ( Reiser, 2002 ) . Enterprises, such as located larning theory and constructivism presented fresh attacks to convey about reforms in the spheres of public instruction and high instruction ( Anderson, Reder & A Simon, 1996 Brown, Collins & A Duguid, 1989 Jonassen, 1999 Reiser, 2002 ) .To under rise the potency of engineering execution in heighten the teaching- training performance, the impact of constructivism on schoolroom patterns has been studied by many research workers ( e.g. , Black & A McClintock, 1995 Richards, 1998 brush & A Saye, 2000 ) . Other research workers have suggested that constructivist schemes exploit engineerings for greatest impact in larning ( e.g. , Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 ) . A complementary relationship appears to be between computing machine engineerings and constructivism, the execution of each one profiting the other.Constructivism, derived in the first place from the jutts of Piaget ( 1970 ) , Bruner ( 1962, 1979 ) , Vygotsky ( 1962, 1978 ) , and Papert ( 1980, 1983 ) , is both a philosophical and psychological attack based on societal cognitivism that assumes that individuals, behaviours and environments interact in mutual manner ( Schunk, 2000 ) . Constructivism is a philosophy saying that larning takes topographic point in contexts, and that scholars form or construct much of what they learn and understand as a map of their experiences in state of affairs ( Schunk, 2000 ) . More late, research workers ( e.g. , Lave, 1990 Saxe, Guberman & A Gearheart, 1987 ) have presented more(prenominal) qualitative certification of larning in context.Technology, harmonizing to Jonassen, Peck, and Wilson ( 1999 ) refers to the designs and environments that engage scholars ( p. 12 ) . The focal point of both constructivism and engineering argon so on the creative act of larning environments. Likewise, Hannfin and hillock ( 200 2 ) depict these larning environments as contextsin which knowledge-building tools ( affordances ) and the agencies to make and pull strings artefacts of understanding are provided, non one in which constructs are explicitly taughta a topographic point where scholars work together and back up each other as they use a assortment of tools and larning resources in their chase of larning ends and problem-solving activities ( p.77 ) .The intent of this paper is to brush up the research on the integration of engineering in the schoolroom, foregrounding the connexion between constructivism and engineering. The focal point is on the constructivist position of larning as an alert procedure of building rather than geting knowledge, and direction as a procedure that supports building instead than pass oning cognition. The reappraisal is followed by a series of instance surveies, stressing constructivism and engineering s relationship. Fin in ally, deductions for instructors and instructor pedagogues are presented.Review of Related LiteratureIn order to understand larning within a constructivist model, as an activity in context, the whole acquisition environment must be examined. However, the broad diverseness of constructivist positions makes the task in reality complex and beyond the range of this paper. These positions normally emphasize the function of the instructor, the pupil, and the cultural embeddedness of acquisition ( see for example, Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 Honebein, Duffy, & A Fishman, 1993 Simons, 1993 ) . Using these commonalties as guidelines, this reappraisal outlines the relationship of constructivism with engineering by looking at ( a ) engineering as cognitive tools, ( B ) constructive position of the thought procedure, and ( degree Celsius ) the function of the instructor in engineering enhanced environments.Technology as Cognitive ToolsA cardinal premise of constructivism is that larning is talk terms by tools and marks ( Duffy & A Cunn ingham, 1996 Ezell & A OKeeffe, 1994 ) . Culture creates the tool, but the tool changes the civilization. Participants in the civilization inhibit these tools from their civilization to run into their ends, and thereby transform their engagement in the civilization ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996, p. 180 ) . The computing machine is an example of mediational agencies that has facets of both tool and mark. The computing machine s function in instruction has been aroundly viewed as an instructional tool and for supplying a richer and more exciting acquisition environment ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 Jonassen & A Reeves, 1996 Taylor, 1980 ) . However, by concentrating on the scholar, the function of engineering can back up saucy apprehensions and capablenesss, therefore, offering a cognitive tool to back up cognitive and metacognitive procedures. For illustration, an electronic exchange political platform between pupils of a category in the U.S. with a similar schoolroom in N orthern Ireland shared out multiple cultural positions through images, narratives, letters and multimedia plans ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 ) . The experience was enriching, increasing their apprehension.Further, clear uping the function of engineering in acquisition, Duffy and Cunningham ( 1996 ) provinceTechnology is seen as an built-in portion of the cognitive activitya.This position of distributed knowledge significantly impacts how we think of the function of engineering in instruction and facility, the focal point is non on the someone in isolation and what he or she knows, but on the activity in the environment. It is the activity focussed and contextualized- that is cardinal The procedure of building is directed towards making a universe that makes sense to us, that is equal for our routine operation ( pp. 187-188 ) .Therefore, the undertaking of the scholar is seen as fighting(a), and the computing machine makes available new larning chances.The position of engineer ing as cognitive tools is besides shared by other research workers ( e.g. , Jonassen, 1994 Jonassen & A Reeves, 1996 Lajoie, 2000 ) . The traditional position of instructional engineerings of direction as conveyers of information and communicators of cognition is supplanted with active function the scholar plays in larning with engineering. Technologies, chiefly computing machines, help construct cognition bases, which will prosecute the scholars more and ensue in more meaning(prenominal) and movable knowledgea Learners map as interior decorators utilizing the engineering as tools for analysing the universe, accessing information, interpretation and forming their personal cognition, and stand foring what they know to others ( Jonassen, 1994, p. 2 ) . Technological tools such as spreadsheets, databases, adept systems, picture conferencing and others can be apply by pupils to analyse capable affair, develop representative mental theoretical accounts, and so transcribe them into cognition bases ( Jonassen, 1994 Jonassen & A Carr, 2000 Jonassen & A Reeves, 1996 ) .An illustration is the development of fake microworlds and games by kids utilizing Logo scheduling. Logo scheduling has evolved since the early on text-based medium conceived by Seymour Papert and his squad at MIT in the 1970 s, to a well easy, digitized format. Kafai, Ching, and Marshall ( 1997 ) gave an introductory preparation plan to fifth and sixth grade pupils one hebdomad before the design undertakings. The Logo mutant included support for modern computing machine characteristics like multimedia, sprite life, sounds, films, and pigment tools. Harmonizing to Kafai and her co-workers ( 1997 ) , the multimedia software program proved to be a candid context for pupils to larn through coaction and undertaking direction. The interaction between squad members, the flow of thoughts and loud thought encouraged the kids to experiment and happen alternate ways for planing and work outing jobs . For illustration, the pupils worked on different characters separately, but so worked together to incorporate all the characters, and in debugging ( Kafai et al. , 1997 ) .Cognitive tools do non prevent the usage of computing machines to increase productiveness for larning. Off-loading insistent undertakings and lower order undertakings to cognitive tools frees cognitive resources for deeper thought ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 Jonassen, 1999 ) and reduces mistakes. Harmonizing to Swain and Pearson ( 2001 ) , instructors and pupils must be educated to utilize the computing machine as a productiveness tool, every bit good as a tool for acquisition, research, networking, coaction, telecommunications, and problem-solving. Using computing machines as a productiveness tool is one of the six National educational Technological Standards ( NETS ) ( hypertext transfer protocol //cnets.iste.org/ ) for instructors which states that instructors will utilize engineering to heighten their pr oductiveness and professional patterns ( Morrison, Lowther, & A DeMeulle, 1999 ) .Constructive position of Thinking The procedure of thought in constructivist paradigms requires higher-order accomplishments, diging deeper and harder into heart and soul and context ( Black & A McClintock, 1995 Jonassen, n.d. Manzo, 1998 Swain & A Pearson, 2001 ) . Traditional schooling, harmonizing to Manzo ( 1998 ) , really discourages constructive believing with ends of conveying bing cognition that conflicts with any alert effort to bring forth new apprehension. Constructivist thought combines both the critical and originative rational procedures. It can be practiced by promoting critical analysis in activities. Schools, instructors and pupils can be conditioned to yaw away from traditional schooling regimen to pull ahead constructive thought ( Manzo, 1998, p. 287 ) . Cognitive tools, along with constructivist larning environments, evince and activate cognitive acquisition schemes a nd critical thought ( Jonassen, 1994 ) . Cognitive tools help in cognition building and non knowledge reproduction. The cognition constructed by the scholars reflects their comprehension and construct of the information. To exemplify, when pupils build cognition bases with databases, they need to analyse the content sphere and engage in critical thought.Black and McClintok ( 1999 ) emphasis the importance of reading as being cardinal to knowledge and acquisition. Their design of Study Supported Environments ( SSEs ) based on constructivist design rules called Interpretation twist Design ( ICON ) focused chiefly on the interpretative building of reliable artefacts in the context of rich background stuffs, and crossing across different Fieldss of survey. Their survey showed that in add-on to larning specific content, pupils were able to get generalizable reading and debate accomplishments.For illustration, in learning 6th grade antediluvian history, a plan called Archaeotype A was us ed that presented pupils with a in writing simulation of an archeological site. school-age childs who worked collaboratively in assorts, had to delve up artefacts through simulation, observe and mensurate them in fake research labs, and eventually through a procedure of reading and debate, arrived at the apprehension of general rules behind what they were making. In a follow-up rating survey, it was appoint that there were important additions in the interpretive and debate accomplishments of pupils who had participated in the survey against a control group ( Black & A McClintock, 1999 ) .Brooding thought, that requires careful deliberation, is besides encouraged by constructivists ( e.g. , Kafai et al. , 1997 Swain & A Pearson, 2001 Walker, 2000 ) . Metacognition, or the self-monitoring and self-denial of the acquisition procedure, is emphasized. New cognition which is composed is added to ageing representations, modifying them in the procedure. This normally requires extern al represent in the signifier of people, books, or engineerings such as computing machines. Swain and Pearson ( 2001 ) recommend the pattern of brooding thought by instructors to measure their engineering usage. They stress the importance of certification of brooding ideas to find the finish and quality of personal versus instructional utilizations of engineering, organisation and execution of environments and activities. Jonassen ( 1994 ) describes technological tools as rational spouses and powerful accelerators in the procedure of acquisition, scaffolding the all important procedures of articulation and rumination, which are the foundations of cognition building ( p. 5 ) .The affair of the Teacher in Technology Enhanced EnvironmentsThe function of the instructor as a facilitator is seen as most of import in a constructivist context ( Witfelt, 2000 Richards, 1998 ) . Within a constructivist schoolroom, the instructor engenders societal and rational climes, where collabo rative and concerted acquisition methods are supported. In parallel, technology-enhanced schoolrooms tap constructivist schemes ( Jonassen, 1999 ) , set uping problem-based undertakings where pupils actively construct cognition, associating knew cognition with old cognition.In non-traditional schoolrooms such as the open/global schoolroom ( Walker, 2000 Witfelt, 2000 ) , the function and duties of the instructor have changed. The instructor, as an agent, has to invariably update information and engineering for doing learning reliable and relevant. For illustration, while developing a class faculty for instructors and taxonomy for instructor competences in the usage of educational multimedia, Witfelt ( 2000 ) observed that it was of import to unite several theories such as constructivism, postmodernism, situated intelligence and multiple intelligences. However, the theoretical model would be constructivist in nature with the instructor presuming the function of the facilitator, supp lying an environment for self-generated research, understanding the societal and collaborative nature of acquisition, assisting kids concept cognition and initiate problem-based, project-oriented work. With this passage in functions and duties, Witfelt ( 2000 ) listed new instructor competences in constructivist contexts that include supervisor makings, protagonist and facilitator of pupils work, consultant and subject-matter expert, galvanizer and encourager, supreme authority at group treatments, critic in mobilising greater attempt when aims are non being met, and judge to better general larning capacities of pupils.Case StudiesAfter analyzing the literature on engineering integrating and constructivist rules, a complementary relationship between engineering and acquisition within a constructivist model seems sound and advantageous to instructors and scholars. To exemplify these rules discretely, model instances are presented that reflect the doctrine established above.Teacher- trainees at Winthrop University in South Carolina undertook a meaningful technology-based activity to carry through literacy ends ( Richards, 1998 ) . They developed an electronic portfolio around a literacy-related subject, including informations, contemplations and critical responses, which they shared with their equals and other pedagogues. The extract of engineering was helped by implementing constructivist-based activities, such as coaction and cooperation in a group, prosecuting in job resolution and building possible solutions to social quandary, and pass oning the deeper processing of content and the critical development of literacy accomplishments and schemes ( Richards, 1998 ) . Student perceptual experiences were determined through formative and summational appraisal methods. Students responded positively toward achievement of concerted and collaborative acquisition, the engineering constituent maps and the relevancy of the activities to future callings in schools. Howeve r, they recommended that more clip be provided for treating thoughts and synthesising them in the portfolio. interrogation conducted at the Open University, U.K. besides demonstrated a positive relationship between constructivism and engineering integrating ( Walker, 2000 ) . A distance-learning class was developed maintaining in head the experiential and constructivist positions of larning. The intent was to assist pupils in a distance-learning class learn in better and more effectual ways, to be active scholars, building their ain apprehension. Assignments and appraisals were besides oriented towards constructivist ends. Their attempts culminated in a new paradigm of class development. A study of all the pupils who completed the class and took the scrutiny revealed that the bulk felt that they had improved their acquisition accomplishments to a considerable extent.A follow-up study was undertaken the undermentioned twelvemonth. These findings revealed a high proportion of positive responses to inquiries sing the continued usage of contemplation to better assignments, based on teachers feedback and rating standards. However, pupils were less positive about their usage of contemplation in general. These pupils like those described above ( Richards, 1998 ) struggled with maintaining and utilizing contemplation efficaciously.Students were non the lone donees of the mixture of constructivist schemes with engineering tools. Harmonizing to Richards ( 1998 ) and Walker ( 2000 ) , the development of class faculties based on constructivist patterns and the integrating of engineering were besides good to the module, as they had to be after(prenominal) and revise to incorporate engineering so that pupils could be helped to go more capable and mature scholars.Deductions for PracticeThese instances have important deductions for instructor pedagogues and instructors. In the country of instructor instruction, Kim and Sharp ( 2000 ) observed that the planning of instructor s consistent with constructivist patterns was passing variable with most preservice instructors cognizing really small about the effectual integrating of engineering in instruction. Since instructors work to learn as they were taught, it is indispensable that both preservice and inservice instructors must be exposed to constructivist-based direction, which would so ease the development of learning schemes consistent with recent reform motions ( Kim & A Sharp, 2000 ) . An exposure to constructivist learning methods and coincident multimedia acquisition experiences influenced the planning of constructivist behaviours and extract of engineering ( Kim & A Sharp, 2000 ) .Technology may besides act upon teacher pattern to integrate constructivist rules. Rakes, Flowers, Casey and Santana ( 1999 ) study that as the sum of engineering available, the degree of engineering accomplishments of the instructors, and the usage of engineering increased, the usage of constructivist schemes in the schoolroom besides appeared to increase. Technology can supply the vehicle for carry throughing constructivist instruction patterns ( Rakes et al. , 1999, p. 3 ) . So, increasing the accomplishment degrees of instructors with respect to computing machines and supplying extra chances for instructors to incorporate engineering into lessons may promote the usage of constructivist behaviours.Availability, skill degree and usage may non, nevertheless, warrant purposeful usage of engineering nor constructivist rules. Rakes et Al. ( 1999 ) reported many instructors concentrated on the drill and pattern type of package, pretermiting basic computing machine accomplishments development, or dealt merely with presentation accomplishments and Internet resources. These research workers recommended concentrating on staff development and preparation in engineering usage and constructivist patterns that moved beyond literacy accomplishments to turn to more thoroughly application and curriculum in tegrating issues.When turn toing the function of the instructor in constructivist paradigms, there should be no misconstruing sing the importance of the instructor. Yet, many instructors relish uncomfortable with the deficiency of a chiseled content and the displacement of venue of control to the scholars ( Brush & A Saye, 2000 Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 ) . Making suited contexts is non simply supplying scholars with resources and allowing them discover things for themselves, but forming resources in such a manner to breed cognitive disagreements in the heads of the scholars, animating them to larn how to larn through a procedure of coaction and defendable apprehensions ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 ) .As a facilitator of acquisition, the instructor is non ineffective and on the out of boundss. On the contrary, the instructor is free to utilize a assortment of constructivist schemes, such as coaching, mold, and scaffolding, to help each scholar ( Collins, Brown & A Newman, 199 0 ) . Scaffolding may include support from other persons and artefacts, every bit good as the cultural context and history that the scholars bring to the environment. Scaffolding, nevertheless, does non intend guiding and learning a scholar toward some chiseled end but back uping the growing of the scholar through cognitive and metacognitive activities ( Hannafin, cumulation & A Land, 1997 ) . Therefore, the instructor assumes the function of a manager and ensures common apprehension of the positions of the scholar. In utilizing collaborative and concerted groups, the instructor must be careful in guaranting that they are non merely schemes for acquisition, but means to ascending dialogical interchange and reflexiveness ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 ) .As Morrison, Lowther, and DeMeulle ( 1999 ) competently suggest, Technology and a constructivist attack need non be at odds with each other. If we change our position of computing machines from simply a agencies to present directi on to one of a tool to work out jobs, so the reform motion can act upon the usage of engineering, and engineering can act upon the reform of instruction ( p. 5 ) .DecisionConstructivist positions assert that acquisition is the active procedure of building instead than passively geting cognition, and direction is the procedure of back uping the cognition constructed by the scholars instead than the mere communicating of cognition ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 Honebein, Duffy & A Fishman, 1993 Jonassen, 1999 ) . Truth is determined by the viability of the scholars apprehension in the existent universe, where viability is culturally determined. The constructivist model seeks to understand multiple positions, and challenges the scholars thought ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 Jonassen, Mayes & A McAleese, 1993 ) . It examines the societal beginnings of buildings, whereby it acknowledges larning as a procedure of socialization. Therefore, the survey of societal and cultural proced ures and artefacts becomes a cardinal issue. Context is a dynamic whole including the person and sociohistorical facets ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 Ezell & A OKeefe, 1994 ) . Thinking is ever dialogic, linking heads, either straight or corroboratively. The indirect or semiotic agencies are the marks and tools appropriated from the sociocultural context ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 ) .Within this displacement in focal point from the objectivist to the constructivist context sphere, engineering can play an built-in portion in the acquisition environment ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996 ) . The profusion of the engineering permits us to supply a richer and more exciting ( socialise ) larning environmenta our concern is the new apprehensions and new capablenesss that are possible through the usage of engineering ( Duffy & A Cunningham, 1996, p. 187 ) . By incorporating engineering with constructivist methods, such as problem-based acquisition and project-based acquisition, schola rs are more responsible for and active in the acquisition procedure ( Grant, 2002 ) . Additionally, mundane applications, such as word processors and spreadsheets, become powerful instruments for reliable acquisition. Constructivism offers flexibleness to instructors to individualize larning for each pupil while utilizing engineering tools to augment cognitive and metacognitive procedures.SubscribersAloka Nanjappa is presently a doctorial campaigner, Instructional Design and Technology, Department of Instructional Curriculum and Leadership, University of Memphis, Tennessee. She was Assistant Professor in a college of instruction, affiliated to the University of Bombay, India, learning Experimental Psychology, Educational Technology, and Methodology of learning Mathematicss. She has besides taught in the K-10 and undergraduate degree ( Zoology ) in India. Aloka was late awarded the Outstanding ID & A T Graduate Student Award by the University of Memphis, Tennessee. Her research inv olvements lie in teacher instruction with a focal point on engineering integrating in the schoolroom.Michael M. Grant is an Assistant Professor at the University of Memphis in the Instructional Design and Technology plan within the teacher instruction section. His most recent research has focused on suiting single differences and constructionism. He has worked with both preservice and inservice instructors on incorporating engineering.